Nova S39E5: English vocabulary

feeling confused and unable to think clearly

things that are left over after something is used, eaten, or finished

to cut or scrape a deep hole or mark in something

to mix things together in a messy or confusing way

the work of covering a wall or other surface with plaster

so similar that you cannot tell the difference

one of the small bones that make up the spine

the scientific study of fossils and ancient life

to make something hard, firm, or solid

to confuse or puzzle someone

to dig in the ground to find something buried, especially old objects or remains

a substance added to food to keep it fresh for longer

a group of things or people gathered or arranged together

broken into small parts or pieces

a small piece or short part of something

the act of moving a boat by pushing a pole against the bottom of the water

the process of cutting an animal into pieces for meat

in a way that settles something clearly and finally

a scientist who studies fossils and the history of life on Earth

to confuse or surprise someone greatly

not trained or not given the skills needed for something

the use of something in a way that gets the best results

to put something firmly inside or into something else

an animal that eats meat

to struggle to deal with something difficult

dried meat, usually beef, eaten as a snack

causing a lot of pain or suffering

something worn on the head, such as a hat or helmet

causing or likely to cause arguments

showing disrespect or contempt

full of longing or sadness for someone or something

clean, fresh, and in perfect condition, as if new

to make someone suddenly feel shocked or alarmed

the work of measuring land and recording its features, often for a map or building plan

covered with a protective outer layer

the long bone in the upper part of the leg

used to say something is surprising or worth noticing

a small tool used for engraving or carving hard material

relating to Colombia or its people, culture, or language

something that makes a surface, line, or shape even or level

a slow-moving tropical American animal that hangs from trees

the process in which yeast or bacteria break down sugars in food or drink

the process of removing bones from meat or fish

soft wet sand that can trap things and make them sink

fine mud or sand carried by water and left behind as sediment

a long, pointed tooth that sticks out of the mouth of some animals, such as elephants or walruses

a cold, flat area in the far north where trees do not grow

not giving a clear answer or result

thick and rounded, with large pieces or parts

a place where things are stored or kept for future use

to bring something under control, especially by force or effort

a photo taken quickly and casually

the large group of bones at the bottom of the spine, between the hips

a powerful machine with a wide metal blade at the front, used for moving earth or clearing land

past tense of ski

to move or shake unsteadily from side to side

relating to earthquakes or other movements in the earth

the dead body of an animal

to search for food or supplies in the wild

to dig up something that is buried or hidden

an animal that eats dead animals or leftover food

a person or thing that eats

a tree in the poplar family with leaves that tremble in the wind

making you feel very cold; cold enough to make you shiver

relating to dogs or similar animals

a large North American brown bear with a hump on its shoulders

sloping downward or at an angle

an animal that has a backbone or spinal column

moving with quick, light jumps

locked with a key

a person or animal that digs

something that is hard to understand or explain

used to ask what something really means or is, especially in British English

the work or influence of people, especially when something is not natural

an area in space filled with broken pieces from a wreck or explosion

to help explain something or make it easier to understand