Nova S41E7: English vocabulary

to cut or scrape a deep hole or mark in something

the use of force or pressure to get something

a short, light rifle

the front edge of a step or stair

to destroy something badly or cause it to fail completely

a tasteless substance made from collagen, used in cooking to make jelly and other foods firm

to change the shape of something, often in a way that damages it

broken into small parts or pieces

a surprising event or piece of news that has a strong effect

the act of moving a boat by pushing a pole against the bottom of the water

in a way that settles something clearly and finally

showing or giving a wide view of an area

the way a room or building affects how sound is heard

a person who answers questions in a survey, interview, or study

to prove that something is false or wrong

a person who does not easily believe things and wants proof first

the spiral grooves inside a gun barrel that make a bullet spin

having circles or rings with the same center

the science of how bullets, shells, and other projectiles move through the air

more able or skilled than someone or something else

shaped like an ellipse

showing disrespect or contempt

running away suddenly and quickly

full of longing or sadness for someone or something

a small hill

in a way that is automatic, routine, or without much thought

clean, fresh, and in perfect condition, as if new

to make someone suddenly feel shocked or alarmed

to make someone feel extreme fear

covered with a protective outer layer

a place or position that gives you a good view of something

to cut open a body, plant, or animal in order to study its parts

the act of keeping horses in stables

a book or guide that explains the basic facts about a subject

something that makes a surface, line, or shape even or level

a slender candle

to put something inside or together with something else

suggested or understood, but not stated directly

the process of removing bones from meat or fish

to shout loudly because you are excited or happy

kissing and touching someone in a sexual way

to move in a circular or spiraling motion

lie, sit, or fall with your arms and legs spread out in an awkward way

to form an opinion or guess based on evidence

in a way that is easy to notice; clearly

shaped like a cylinder

a group of people who travel with or support an important person

a doctor who examines body tissue and samples to find the cause of disease or death

moving gently against something with a soft, light sound

a photo taken quickly and casually

to push or drive something forward or in a particular direction

having a shape that is not normal or natural

to move away from a usual course, rule, or pattern

to send out light, heat, or energy

the sides of the face below the eyes

to move very slowly and carefully in a particular direction

relating to the surrounding area or conditions

at a 90-degree angle to a line or surface

the act of removing a covering, layer, or clothes

locked with a key

to make something move in a different direction

used to ask what something really means or is, especially in British English

to help explain something or make it easier to understand

the practice of learning a job by following and watching an experienced worker

the act of getting into something or going through it

to move with small quick side-to-side or up-and-down motions

a person who studies human societies, cultures, and how they change over time

extremely shocking, violent, or upsetting

separate and clearly different from other things

to stay somewhere longer than needed, often because you do not want to leave

not acceptable in polite society; considered improper or rude

in a situation where failure or disaster seems certain

clear and strong, and hard to ignore

the equipment and setup used to make products in a factory

a process that makes cloth stiffer and stronger by coating it with a special substance

used to say something that is bold, rude, or about a taboo topic