Nova S45E10: English vocabulary

showing disrespect or contempt

a hard substance found in rocks, sand, and quartz

the Fahrenheit temperature scale, where water freezes at 32° and boils at 212°

covering something completely, especially with a layer of snow, smoke, or other material

dangerous because it may cause harm or trouble

to make someone feel extreme fear

a fast, powerful flow of water

making it hard to breathe because the air is hot, thick, or smoky

the act of keeping horses in stables

something that makes a surface, line, or shape even or level

a ball of fire, especially one caused by an explosion

a slight shaking movement

to make something more modern or up to date

the practice of selling unpaid bills to get money before they are paid

a long, soft feather, or a bunch of feathers used for decoration

the ropes, wires, and chains that support a ship's masts and sails

relating to earthquakes or other movements in the earth

sloping downward or at an angle

sudden and often unexpected, especially in a way that feels unfriendly or unpleasant

melted by heat and in a liquid state

to move quickly and repeatedly from side to side

used to show relief, surprise, or tiredness

locked with a key

the practice of learning a job by following and watching an experienced worker

to move with small quick side-to-side or up-and-down motions

not acceptable in polite society; considered improper or rude

smoothed by rubbing with sandpaper

very fierce, violent, or aggressive

a gas or mist, especially one that comes from a liquid

clear and strong, and hard to ignore

to talk in a casual, lively way

the equipment and setup used to make products in a factory

a process that makes cloth stiffer and stronger by coating it with a special substance

melted rock beneath the Earth's surface

to make it possible for something to happen

the substances that something is made of and the amounts of each one

to make sexual advances toward someone

able to be heard

about to happen very soon

to be unable to forget an embarrassing or unpleasant event

the process of forming scars as a wound heals

a person whose job is to study rocks, the earth, and how they change over time

to make a serious mistake or do something badly

to press the gas pedal all the way down

a deep crack or split in something

to move into position in a line or formation, especially in the military

to land or settle lightly on something

happening one after another in order

to record that you have started work or a shift

hard and dry, so it breaks or crumbles easily

to reach a decision or agreement

to add something to a design or system so it is included from the start

looking or sounding a little suspicious or not fully trustworthy

not agreeing with something else; contradictory

during the period people can still remember from fairly recently

to discover or learn something, especially by asking or checking

the act of making a calculation or estimate

far away; at a great distance

extreme or very intense, often in a loud or energetic way

a sudden burst or outbreak of something, especially a volcano or strong emotion

a lump of lava thrown out by a volcano

a group of wild boars

used in questions to express surprise, emphasis, or strong curiosity

to stop fighting, arguing, or refusing to give in

to punish or criticize someone severely

to find or meet someone or something by chance

a person or animal that climbs

causing or involving very great damage, suffering, or loss

to come onto the stage in a performance

to depend on something

to come apart into pieces because it is being pulled

the way something is presented so that people understand it in a particular way

in your real thoughts or feelings, even if you do not show them

used to refer to something similar to the thing just mentioned

the basic systems and services a society needs, such as roads, power, and water

to care about something so much that it gives you energy or purpose